spurge hawkmoth Hyles euphorbiae
butterflies, moths or skippers (Order Lepidoptera) sphinx or hawk moths (Family Sphingidae)
USA Approved
Canada Approved
🌍 Native Range

Europe

🌿 Hosts in North America

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia virgata), cypress spurge (E. cyparissias)

🔍 Description

Larvae are up to 10 cm long. They change color upon maturation going from dark green, to brown and yellow longitudinally striped, to green with white spots, to red, black, yellow, and white with a horn at the back end. Larvae contain toxin, protecting them from predators. Pupae are 4–5 cm long and light brown maturing to maroonish-brown with intricate dark markings. Adults have wingspans up to 5 cm and are white, pink, and grayish-brown on the back but pink on the undersides.  

🔄 Life Cycle

There are up to two generations per year. Adults emerge in early to mid-summer when cypress and leafy spurge are bolting/flowering. Females lay 70–150 eggs in clumps on leaves and bracts. Hatching larvae feed on these plant parts as cypress and leafy spurge are flowering. Larvae feed through five instars, and then pupation occurs in the soil. In locations and years where late summer temperatures are sufficiently high to speed up egg and larval development, second generation adults emerge in late summer and repeat the cycle. Newly hatched larvae move to the soil to pupate. Regardless of whether there are one or two generations, pupae overwinter. 

Impact

Larval feeding defoliates spurges, though this often does not kill the attacked plants. 

📄 Reference

Milan, J., N.M. West, R.S. Bourchier, and C.B. Randall. 2024. Spurge Biocontrol Agents: History and Ecology in North America. In: R.L. Winston, Ed. Biological Control of Weeds in North America. North American Invasive Species Management Association, Milwaukee, WI. NAISMA-BCW-2024-40-SPURGES-A. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/29180.pdf