Eriophyid mite Floracarus perrepae
Order Trombidiformes Eriophyid mite (Family Eriophyidae Nalepa, 1898)
✓ USA Approved
✗ Canada Not Approved
🌍 Native Range

Asia, Australia, Oceania

🌿 Hosts in North America

Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum)

🔍 Description

All stages of this species are tiny and best viewed through a microscope. Eggs are spherical and white. Larvae and nymphs are transparent and resemble adults but are smaller in size. Adults have four legs and are cream colored at first, darkening gradually and becoming brown at maturity. 

🔄 Life Cycle

All stages of this species are active year-round, but activity is highest in South Florida during the dry season when temperatures are moderate and rainfall is lower. Adult females lay eggs (~37–58 per lifetime) between newly emerging leaflets of Old World climbing fern sporelings (newly germinated plants). Larvae, nymphs, and adults all feed by piercing and sucking cell contents. Feeding on leaflet edges causes leaflets to roll and form galls. Though leaf roll galls frequently contain multiple mites, a single adult female is capable of inducing a gall. Subsequent generations lay eggs and feed within the gall, which provides a humid environment safe from predators. Development times to adulthood are short (9–12 days), and the mites continuously feed and reproduce year-round. Mites move between plants and sites by walking or jumping. Jumping is accomplished by standing erect on the leaf surface, using their anal suckers, and somersaulting into the air. Once airborne, mites can disperse long distances to new Old World climbing fern infestations.   

⚠ Impact

Larval, nymph, and adult feeding damage deforms frond/ rachis growth tips and may kill sporelings. Feeding causes leaflets to form leaf roll galls that act as physiological sinks and reduce plant biomass. Galled leaflets sometimes turn brown. Mites preferentially feed on young, sterile leaflets. Mites also attack the apical meristems of the extending Old World climbing fern rachises, often causing a lateral (side) rachis to form and a subsequent loss of apical dominance. This can stunt growth of the main rachis and produce many new, clustered subleaflets that ultimately inhibits upward climbing. 

📄 Reference

David, A.S. and E.C. Lake. 2022. Old World Climbing Fern Biocontrol Agents: History and Ecology in North America. In: R.L. Winston, Ed. Biological Control of Weeds in North America. North American Invasive Species Management Association, Milwaukee, WI. NAISMA-BCW-2022-2-OLD WORLD CLIMBING FERN-A. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/23201.pdf