white-mantled wainscot Archanara neurica
butterflies, moths or skippers (Order Lepidoptera) cutworms, loopers, owlet moths, and underwings (Family Noctuidae Walker, 1863)
USA Not Approved
Canada Approved
🌍 Native Range

Europe

🌿 Hosts in North America

Common reed, European lineage (Phragmites australis subsp. australis)

🔍 Description

Eggs are creamy-white initially, but soon turn a darker gray. Larvae are brownish-gray initially, turning grayer with a prominent brown head capsule at maturity. They can be up to 30 mm long. Pupae are orange-brown, 13–20 mm long, and always observed with their head facing down within the common reed stem. Adults have a characteristic line of white scales on the thorax. Adult forewings are light brown with faint white and black mottling while hind wings are gray. The undersides of wings do not have a black spot, like a second common reed biocontrol agent, Lenisa[formerly Archanara] geminipuncta. The full wingspan is 26–29 mm. 

🔄 Life Cycle

This species overwinters in the egg stage. Eggs hatch in early spring as common reed shoots begin to emerge. First-instar larvae chew into common reed stems below the growing point, sever the tip from the base within 24 hours, and subsequently feed above the growing point. Larvae develop through four instars and typically must change stems twice (feeding within three stems total) to complete development. Larvae feed individually through all instars, contrast to L. geminipunctawhere early instars can be found feeding gregariously (together). In early summer, mature larvae prepare a pupal chamber with an exit window by removing stem tissue but leaving the epidermis intact. Pupation occurs with the head downward in lower portions of stems. In midsummer, the emerging adult pushes its way onto the stem through the emergence window, leaving an exit hole. Adults are short-lived and nocturnal. Female adults lay eggs in single rows under common reed leaf sheaths (100 eggs/lifetime). There is one generation per year. 

Impact

Common reed stems attacked by early-instar larvae wilt and die completely. Stems attacked by late-instar larvae wilt, lose stem tips, and may develop one to many side shoots, overall resulting in significant reductions in stem height and aboveground biomass. 

📄 Reference

Häfliger, P., B. Blossey, R.S. Bourchier, L. Tewksbury, S.B. Endriss, and M. McTavish. 2023. Common Reed (European Lineage) Biocontrol Agents: History and Ecology in North America. In: R.L. Winston, Ed. Biological Control of Weeds in North America. North American Invasive Species Management Association, Milwaukee, WI. NAISMA-BCW-2023-38-COMMON REED-A. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/27703.pdf