Russian olive gall mite Aceria angustifoliae
Order Trombidiformes Eriophyid mite (Family Eriophyidae Nalepa, 1898)
✗ USA Not Approved
✓ Canada Approved
🌍 Native Range

Asia

🌿 Hosts in North America

Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)

🔍 Description

Eggs are spherical and white but turn slightly yellow with age. While adults of many other mite species have eight legs, A. angustifoliae nymphs and adults have only two pairs of legs, which are located near the head and have feathery claws at the tips. Nymphs and adults are elongated and translucent to opaque; first-instar nymphs are white, while mature nymphs and adults are both peach-colored. First-instar nymphs are also smaller and have reduced features, while second-instar nymphs are more similar to adults but lack a genital opening. Adults are 0.2– 0.3 mm long. 

🔄 Life Cycle

As Russian olive resumes growth in early spring, adult mites feed on developing leaf tissue, leading to the formation of galls along leaf midveins. Increasing gall tissue leads to contortion of affected leaves and an increase in leaf hair density. Females lay eggs within the gall tissue, and there are two nymphal stages prior to the adult stage. One generation can be completed in 10–14 days, depending on temperature, and there are multiple generations per year. During the flowering and fruiting period from early to mid-summer, mites prefer flower buds and developing fruits compared to leaves. As Russian olive begins to shed leaves in autumn, mites retreat to buds where they overwinter. Mites primarily spread via wind, although some may also be carried on the bodies of visiting insects. 

⚠ Impact

Galls induced by mite feeding create a characteristic deformed appearance on Russian olive leaves and buds, including rounded growths along leaf midveins or twisting and folding of apical tissue across entire leaves and floral buds. The presences of galls significantly reduces fruit set. Although the mite does not kill existing plants, it can help reduce the rate of spread of Russian olive populations by reducing seed production. 

📄 Reference

Weyl, P., L. Humair, R.A. De Clerck-Floate, T. Collier, S.E. Sing, and D.K. Weaver. 2024. Russian Olive Biocontrol Agents: History and Ecology in North America. In: R.L. Winston, Ed. Biological Control of Weeds in North America. North American Invasive Species Management Association, Milwaukee, WI. NAISMA-BCW-2024-42-RUSSIAN OLIVE-A. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/33584.pdf