Southern Europe
Primarily spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos) but has been observed on diffuse knapweed (C. diffusa)
Eggs are elongate, about 1 mm long, and shiny white. Larvae are plump, barrel-shaped, and white, but turn yellow-brown as they mature. Pupae are yellow-brown. Adults are straw-colored and approximately 5 mm long. They have clear wings and large, bright green, iridescent eyes.
Adults emerge in spring when knapweed is still in the rosette or bolting stage. Adults feed heavily on nectar when knapweed flower heads bloom. Mating begins with the onset of warm weather and continues throughout summer. In summer and early fall, females lay one to several eggs between florets in young flower heads. The female lays an average of 80 eggs in her lifetime and often marks the bracts of the flower head with a substance to discourage egg-laying by other females. Eggs hatch in 3–5 days, and larvae feed on ripening seeds and receptacle tissue through three instars. Larvae overwinter within seed heads, then pupate in chambers made of pappus in spring. Weather conditions determine the number of generations (one or two) of Terellia virens; however, only one generation has been confirmed at most North American sites.
Larval feeding destroys some developing seeds in attacked flower heads. Seed consumption does not damage existing plants, but it may help reduce knapweed’s rate of spread.
Randall, C.B., J.E., Andreas, and J. Milan. 2023. Knapweed Biocontrol Agents: History and Ecology in North America. In: R.L. Winston, Ed. Biological Control of Weeds in North America. North American Invasive Species Management Association, Milwaukee, WI. NAISMA-BCW-2023-34-KNAPWEEDS-A. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/27451.pdf