broom seed beetle Bruchidius villosus
beetles, weevils (Order Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758) leaf beetles (Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802)
USA Approved
Canada Not Approved
🌍 Native Range

Europe

🌿 Hosts in North America

Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius)

🔍 Description

Eggs are tiny, white, and oval-shaped. Larvae are an off-white color with brown head capsules and can reach up to 2 mm in length. Pupae are gray or brown and up to 2 mm long. Larvae and pupae are difficult to see as they are both found completely within attacked seeds. Adults are completely gray-black and can be up to 2 mm long. They have segmented antennae, and both their elytra (wing covers) and snouts are short.   

🔄 Life Cycle

Overwintering adults emerge in spring when broom begins to flower. They congregate on flowers to feed on pollen, which helps stimulate ovary maturation. Eggs are laid singly on the outside of the seed pod. Hatching first-instar larvae burrow into the seed pod wall, sometimes forming visible tunnels, before entering and feeding on developing seeds. The final three instar stages develop completely within seeds; there is generally one larva per seed. Pupation occurs within the seed coat. New adults emerge in late summer, leaving behind round emergence holes in seeds. Adults do not chew their way out of the seed pod, instead relying on the plant’s dehiscing mechanism to escape. Seed pods dehisce, or dry out, and burst open at maturity in order to spread their seeds, thus releasing adult beetles. Adults overwinter away from the host plant. There is one generation per year.   

Impact

Larval feeding on developing seeds reduces viable seed production. One larva typically kills one seed. While this does not kill existing broom plants, it can help reduce the rate of spread of broom populations and may have long-term impacts by reducing seed recruitment as established plants senesce and the seed bank is exhausted.

📄 Reference

Andreas, J.E., M.J. Pitcairn, and P.D. Pratt. 2022. Scotch Broom Biocontrol Agents: History and Ecology in North America. In: R.L. Winston, Ed. Biological Control of Weeds in North America. North American Invasive Species Management Association, Milwaukee, WI. NAISMA-BCW-2022-7-SCOTCH BROOM-A. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/25363.pdf